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Compare Ashmore and Cartier Islands (2008) - Tunisia (2003)

Compare Ashmore and Cartier Islands (2008) z Tunisia (2003)

 Ashmore and Cartier Islands (2008)Tunisia (2003)
 Ashmore and Cartier IslandsTunisia
Administrative divisions - 24 governorates; Ariana (Aryanah), Beja (Bajah), Ben Arous (Bin 'Arus), Bizerte (Banzart), Gabes (Qabis), Gafsa (Qafsah), Jendouba (Jundubah), Kairouan (Al Qayrawan), Kasserine (Al Qasrayn), Kebili (Qibili), Kef (Al Kaf), Mahdia (Al Mahdiyah), Manouba (Manubah), Medenine (Madanin), Monastir (Al Munastir), Nabeul (Nabul), Sfax (Safaqis), Sidi Bou Zid (Sidi Bu Zayd), Siliana (Silyanah), Sousse (Susah), Tataouine (Tatawin), Tozeur (Tawzar), Tunis, Zaghouan (Zaghwan)
Age structure - 0-14 years: 27% (male 1,388,839; female 1,297,313)


15-64 years: 66.6% (male 3,306,782; female 3,299,883)


65 years and over: 6.4% (male 309,103; female 322,822) (2003 est.)
Agriculture - products - olives, olive oil, grain, dairy products, tomatoes, citrus fruit, beef, sugar beets, dates, almonds
Airports - 30 (2002)
Airports - with paved runways - total: 14


over 3,047 m: 3


2,438 to 3,047 m: 6


1,524 to 2,437 m: 2


914 to 1,523 m: 3 (2002)
Airports - with unpaved runways - total: 16


1,524 to 2,437 m: 2


914 to 1,523 m: 7


under 914 m: 7 (2002)
Area total: 5 sq km


land: 5 sq km


water: 0 sq km


note: includes Ashmore Reef (West, Middle, and East Islets) and Cartier Island		 total: 163,610 sq km


land: 155,360 sq km


water: 8,250 sq km
Area - comparative about eight times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC slightly larger than Georgia
Background These uninhabited islands came under Australian authority in 1931; formal administration began two years later. Ashmore Reef supports a rich and diverse avian and marine habitat; in 1983, it became a National Nature Reserve. Cartier Island, a former bombing range, is now a marine reserve. Following independence from France in 1956, President Habib BOURGUIBA established a strict one-party state. He dominated the country for 31 years, repressing Islamic fundamentalism and establishing rights for women unmatched by any other Arab nation. In recent years, Tunisia has taken a moderate, non-aligned stance in its foreign relations. Domestically, it has sought to defuse rising pressure for a more open political society.
Birth rate - 16.53 births/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Budget - revenues: $5.2 billion


expenditures: $5.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $1.6 billion (2002 est.)
Capital - Tunis
Climate tropical temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers; desert in south
Coastline 74.1 km 1,148 km
Constitution - 1 June 1959; amended 12 July 1988
Country name conventional long form: Territory of Ashmore and Cartier Islands


conventional short form: Ashmore and Cartier Islands		 conventional long form: Tunisian Republic


conventional short form: Tunisia


local long form: Al Jumhuriyah at Tunisiyah


local short form: Tunis
Currency - Tunisian dinar (TND)
Death rate - 5.02 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Debt - external - $13.6 billion (2003 est.)
Dependency status territory of Australia; administered by the Australian Attorney-General's Department -
Diplomatic representation from the US none (territory of Australia) chief of mission: Ambassador Rust M. DEMING


embassy: Zone Nord-Est des Berges du Lac Nord de Tunis, 2045 La Goulette, Tunisia


mailing address: use embassy street address


telephone: [216] 71 782-566


FAX: [216] 71 789-719
Diplomatic representation in the US none (territory of Australia) chief of mission: Ambassador Hatem ATALLAH


chancery: 1515 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20005


telephone: [1] (202) 862-1850


FAX: [1] (202) 862-1858
Disputes - international Indonesian groups challenge Australia's claim to these islands; Australia closed parts of the Ashmore and Cartier Reserve to Indonesian traditional fishing and placed restrictions on certain catches none
Economic aid - recipient - $222.7 million (2000)
Economy - overview no economic activity Tunisia has a diverse economy, with important agricultural, mining, energy, tourism, and manufacturing sectors. Governmental control of economic affairs while still heavy has gradually lessened over the past decade with increasing privatization, simplification of the tax structure, and a prudent approach to debt. Real growth averaged 5.4% in 1997-2001 but slowed to 1.9% in 2002 because of agricultural drought, slow investment, and lackluster tourism. Increased rainfall portends higher growth levels for 2003, but continued regional tension from the war in Iraq will most likely continue to suppress tourism earnings. Tunisia has agreed to gradually remove barriers to trade with the European Union over the next decade. Broader privatization, further liberalization of the investment code to increase foreign investment, improvements in government efficiency, and reduction of the trade deficit are among the challenges for the future.
Electricity - consumption - 9.748 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - exports - 0 kWh (2001)
Electricity - imports - 1 million kWh (2001)
Electricity - production - 10.48 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - production by source - fossil fuel: 99.5%


hydro: 0.5%


nuclear: 0%


other: 0% (2001)
Elevation extremes lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m


highest point: unnamed location 3 m		 lowest point: Shatt al Gharsah -17 m


highest point: Jebel ech Chambi 1,544 m
Environment - current issues NA toxic and hazardous waste disposal is ineffective and poses health risks; water pollution from raw sewage; limited natural fresh water resources; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification
Environment - international agreements - party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands


signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation
Ethnic groups - Arab 98%, European 1%, Jewish and other 1%
Exchange rates - Tunisian dinars per US dollar - 1.42 (2002), 1.44 (2001), 1.37 (2000), 1.19 (1999), 1.14 (1998)
Executive branch - chief of state: President Zine El Abidine BEN ALI (since 7 November 1987)


head of government: Prime Minister Mohamed GHANNOUCHI (since 17 November 1999)


cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president


elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 24 October 1999 (next to be held NA 2004); prime minister appointed by the president


election results: President Zine El Abidine BEN ALI reelected for a third term without opposition; percent of vote - Zine El Abidine BEN ALI nearly 100%
Exports - NA (2001)
Exports - commodities - textiles, mechanical goods, phosphates and chemicals, agricultural products, hydrocarbons
Exports - partners - France 31.3%, Italy 21.6%, Germany 11.5%, Spain 4.8%, Libya 4.7%, Belgium 4.3% (2002)
Fiscal year - calendar year
Flag description the flag of Australia is used red with a white disk in the center bearing a red crescent nearly encircling a red five-pointed star; the crescent and star are traditional symbols of Islam
GDP - purchasing power parity - $67.13 billion (2002 est.)
GDP - composition by sector - agriculture: 12%


industry: 32%


services: 56% (2003 est.)
GDP - per capita - purchasing power parity - $6,800 (2002 est.)
GDP - real growth rate - 4.8% (2002 est.)
Geographic coordinates 12 14 S, 123 05 E 34 00 N, 9 00 E
Geography - note Ashmore Reef National Nature Reserve established in August 1983 strategic location in central Mediterranean; Malta and Tunisia are discussing the commercial exploitation of the continental shelf between their countries, particularly for oil exploration
Highways - total: 18,997 km


paved: 12,310 km (including 142 km of expressways)


unpaved: 6,687 km (2000)
Household income or consumption by percentage share - lowest 10%: 2.3%


highest 10%: 31.8% (1995)
Imports - NA (2001)
Imports - commodities - textiles, machinery and equipment, hydrocarbons, chemicals, food
Imports - partners - France 25.6%, Italy 19.5%, Germany 8.9%, Spain 5% (2002)
Independence - 20 March 1956 (from France)
Industrial production growth rate - 3.5% (2002 est.)
Industries - petroleum, mining (particularly phosphate and iron ore), tourism, textiles, footwear, agribusiness, beverages
Infant mortality rate - total: 26.91 deaths/1,000 live births


male: 29.89 deaths/1,000 live births


female: 23.71 deaths/1,000 live births (2003 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) - 2.5% (2002 est.)
International organization participation - ABEDA, ACCT, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, BSEC (observer), ECA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIPONUH, MONUC, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OAU, OIC, OPCW, OSCE (partner), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) - 1 (2000)
Irrigated land 0 sq km 3,800 sq km (1998 est.)
Judicial branch - Court of Cassation or Cour de Cassation
Labor force - 2.69 million


note: shortage of skilled labor (2001 est.)
Labor force - by occupation - services 55%, industry 23%, agriculture 22% (1995 est.)
Land boundaries 0 km total: 1,424 km


border countries: Algeria 965 km, Libya 459 km
Land use arable land: 0%


permanent crops: 0%


other: 100% (all grass and sand) (2005)		 arable land: 18.67%


permanent crops: 12.87%


other: 68.46% (1998 est.)
Languages - Arabic (official and one of the languages of commerce), French (commerce)
Legal system the laws of the Commonwealth of Australia and the laws of the Northern Territory of Australia, where applicable, apply based on French civil law system and Islamic law; some judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court in joint session
Legislative branch - unicameral Chamber of Deputies or Majlis al-Nuwaab (182 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)


elections: last held 24 October 1999 (next to be held NA 2004)


election results: percent of vote by party - RCD 92%; seats by party - RCD 148, MDS 13, UDU 7, PUP 7, Al-Tajdid 5, PSL 2; note - reforms enabled opposition parties to win up to 20% of seats, increasing the number of seats they hold from 19 in the last election to 34 now
Life expectancy at birth - total population: 74.4 years


male: 72.77 years


female: 76.15 years (2003 est.)
Literacy - definition: age 15 and over can read and write


total population: 74.2%


male: 84%


female: 64.4% (2003 est.)
Location Southeastern Asia, islands in the Indian Ocean, midway between northwestern Australia and Timor island Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Algeria and Libya
Map references Southeast Asia Africa
Maritime claims territorial sea: 12 nm


contiguous zone: 12 nm


exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm


continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation		 contiguous zone: 24 NM


territorial sea: 12 NM
Merchant marine - total: 14 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 139,990 GRT/148,394 DWT


ships by type: bulk 2, cargo 3, chemical tanker 3, liquefied gas 1, petroleum tanker 1, short-sea passenger 3, specialized tanker 1 (2002 est.)
Military - note defense is the responsibility of Australia; periodic visits by the Royal Australian Navy and Royal Australian Air Force -
Military branches - Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary forces, National Guard
Military expenditures - dollar figure - $356 million (FY99)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP - 1.5% (FY99)
Military manpower - availability - males age 15-49: 2,866,984 (2003 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service - males age 15-49: 1,629,241 (2003 est.)
Military manpower - military age - 20 years of age (2003 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually - males: 106,513 (2003 est.)
National holiday - Independence Day, 20 March (1956)
Nationality - noun: Tunisian(s)


adjective: Tunisian
Natural hazards surrounded by shoals and reefs that can pose maritime hazards NA
Natural resources fish petroleum, phosphates, iron ore, lead, zinc, salt
Net migration rate - -0.6 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2003 est.)
People - note the landing of illegal immigrants from Indonesia's Rote Island has become an ongoing problem -
Pipelines - gas 3,059 km; oil 1,203 km; refined products 345 km (2003)
Political parties and leaders - Al-Tajdid Movement [Adel CHAOUCH]; Constitutional Democratic Rally Party (Rassemblement Constitutionnel Democratique) or RCD [President Zine El Abidine BEN ALI (official ruling party)]; Liberal Social Party or PSL [Mounir BEJI]; Movement of Democratic Socialists or MDS [Khamis CHAMMARI]; Popular Unity Party or PUP [Mohamed Belhaj AMOR]; Unionist Democratic Union or UDU [Abderrahmane TLILI]
Political pressure groups and leaders - the Islamic fundamentalist party, Al Nahda (Renaissance), is outlawed
Population no indigenous inhabitants


note: Indonesian fishermen are allowed access to the lagoon and fresh water at Ashmore Reef's West Island		 9,924,742 (July 2003 est.)
Population below poverty line - 6% (2000 est.)
Population growth rate - 1.09% (2003 est.)
Ports and harbors - Bizerte, Gabes, La Goulette, Sfax, Sousse, Tunis, Zarzis
Radio broadcast stations - AM 7, FM 20, shortwave 2 (1998)
Railways - total: 2,152 km


standard gauge: 468 km 1.435-m gauge


narrow gauge: 1,674 km 1.000-m gauge (65 km electrified)


dual gauge: 10 km 1.435-m and 1.000-m gauges (three rails) (2002)
Religions - Muslim 98%, Christian 1%, Jewish and other 1%
Sex ratio - at birth: 1.08 male(s)/female


under 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female


15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female


65 years and over: 0.96 male(s)/female


total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2003 est.)
Suffrage - 20 years of age; universal
Telephone system - general assessment: above the African average and continuing to be upgraded; key centers are Sfax, Sousse, Bizerte, and Tunis; Internet access available


domestic: trunk facilities consist of open-wire lines, coaxial cable, and microwave radio relay


international: 5 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Arabsat; coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Algeria and Libya; participant in Medarabtel; two international gateway digital switches
Telephones - main lines in use - 654,000 (1997)
Telephones - mobile cellular - 50,000 (1998)
Television broadcast stations - 26 (plus 76 repeaters) (1995)
Terrain low with sand and coral mountains in north; hot, dry central plain; semiarid south merges into the Sahara
Total fertility rate - 1.9 children born/woman (2003 est.)
Unemployment rate - 15.4% (2002 est.)
Waterways - none
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